. Hôpital-de-bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Service de Médecine Interne: A. Rami, A. Durel, M. Diemer, M. Parrinello. CHR Aix en Provence

E. Hôpital and . Herriot, Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales: P

H. Dieu, Service d'Infectiologie, Nantes)

E. Corsini, J. Braun, F. Lippran, C. Biron, S. Chidiac et al., Hôpital Mignot (Le Chesnay), Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Service de Médecine Interne: V. Garrait, L. Richier. Hôpital La Grave Dispensaire: P. Philibert, C. Chapus

R. 1. Bacchus, C. Cheret, A. Avettand-fenoel, V. Nembot, G. Melard et al., A Single HIV-1 Cluster and a Skewed Immune Homeostasis Drive the Early Spread of HIV among Resting CD4+ Cell Subsets within One Month Post-Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.16, issue.2, pp.64219-23691172, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0064219.s005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01535801

B. Brenner, M. Roger, J. Routy, D. Moisi, M. Ntemgwa et al., High Rates of Forward Transmission Events after Acute/Early HIV???1 Infection, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.195, issue.7, pp.951-960, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/512088

K. Powers, A. Ghani, W. Miller, I. Hoffman, A. Pettifor et al., The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study, The Lancet, vol.378, issue.9787, pp.256-68, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60842-8

P. Frange, L. Meyer, C. Deveau, L. Tran, C. Goujard et al., Recent HIV-1 Infection Contributes to the Viral Diffusion over the French Territory with a Recent Increasing Frequency, PLoS ONE, vol.24, issue.6, p.31695, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0031695.t003

T. Hollingsworth, R. Anderson, and C. Fraser, HIV-1 Transmission, by Stage of Infection, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.198, issue.5, pp.687-93, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/590501

C. Pilcher, G. Joaki, I. Hoffman, F. Martinson, C. Mapanje et al., Amplified transmission of HIV-1: comparison of HIV-1 concentrations in semen and blood during acute and chronic infection, AIDS, vol.21, issue.13, pp.1723-1753, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3281532c82

J. Hoffman, P. Anton, G. Baldwin, J. Elliott, D. Anisman-posner et al., Seminal plasma HIV- 1 RNA concentration is strongly associated with altered levels of seminal plasma interferon-gamma, interleukin-17, and interleukin-5, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, vol.3012, issue.1109, pp.1082-1090, 2014.

A. Liovat, M. Rey-cuille, C. Lecuroux, J. B. Girault, I. Petitjean et al., Acute Plasma Biomarkers of T Cell Activation Set-Point Levels and of Disease Progression in HIV-1 Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.10, p.46143, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0046143.s007

N. Noel, F. Boufassa, C. Lecuroux, A. Saez-cirion, C. Bourgeois et al., Elevated IP10 levels are associated with immune activation and low CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV controller patients, AIDS, vol.28, issue.4, pp.467-76, 2014.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000174
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01420524

P. Sheth, A. Danesh, K. Shahabi, A. Rebbapragada, C. Kovacs et al., HIV-Specific CD8+ Lymphocytes in Semen Are Not Associated with Reduced HIV Shedding, The Journal of Immunology, vol.175, issue.7, pp.4789-96, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4789

W. Berlier, T. Bourlet, R. Levy, F. Lucht, B. Pozzetto et al., Amount of seminal IL-1?? positively correlates to HIV-1 load in the semen of infected patients, Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.204-211, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.04.004

D. Storey, M. Dolan, S. Anderson, P. Meier, and E. Walter, Seminal plasma RANTES levels positively correlate with seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, AIDS, vol.13, issue.15, pp.2169-71, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-199910220-00023

S. Lee, Y. Chung, C. Yoon, Y. Shin, S. Kim et al., Interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is associated with viremia of early HIV-1 infection in Korean patients, Journal of Medical Virology, vol.78, issue.5, pp.782-791, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.4.1718-1729.2004

Y. Jiao, T. Zhang, R. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Huang et al., Plasma IP-10 Is Associated with Rapid Disease Progression in Early HIV-1 Infection, Viral Immunology, vol.25, issue.4, pp.333-340, 2012.
DOI : 10.1089/vim.2012.0011

C. Gay, O. Dibben, J. Anderson, A. Stacey, A. Mayo et al., Cross-Sectional Detection of Acute HIV Infection: Timing of Transmission, Inflammation and Antiretroviral Therapy, PLoS ONE, vol.201, issue.5, p.19617, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0019617.t003

M. Ploquin, Y. Madec, A. Casrouge, N. Huot, C. Passaes et al., Elevated Basal Pre-infection CXCL10 in Plasma and in the Small Intestine after Infection Are Associated with More Rapid HIV/SIV Disease Onset, PLOS Pathogens, vol.1087, issue.6, p.1005774, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005774.s001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01380604

J. Foley, C. Yu, R. Solow, M. Yacobucci, K. Peden et al., Roles for CXC Chemokine Ligands 10 and 11 in Recruiting CD4+ T Cells to HIV-1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Lymph Nodes, The Journal of Immunology, vol.174, issue.8, pp.4892-900, 2005.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4892

B. Lane, S. King, P. Bock, R. Strieter, M. Coffey et al., The C-X-C chemokine IP-10 stimulates HIV-1 replication, Virology, vol.307, issue.1, pp.122-3402, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00045-4
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00045-4

C. Mantri, P. Dash, J. Mantri, J. Dash, and C. , Cocaine Enhances HIV-1 Replication in CD4+ T Cells by Down-Regulating MiR-125b, PLoS ONE, vol.178, issue.8, p.51387, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0051387.g009

S. Kim, J. Jung, D. Dixit, R. Rovner, . Jr et al., Cocaine exposure enhances permissiveness of quiescent T cells to HIV infection, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.94, issue.4, pp.835-878, 2013.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.1112566

D. Rasbach, A. Desruisseau, A. Kipp, S. Stinnette, A. Kheshti et al., Active cocaine use is associated with lack of HIV-1 virologic suppression independent of nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy: Use of a rapid screening tool during routine clinic visits, AIDS Care, vol.169, issue.7, pp.109-126, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s11904-009-0024-x

A. Lisco, A. Munawwar, A. Introini, C. Vanpouille, E. Saba et al., Semen of HIV-1???Infected Individuals: Local Shedding of Herpesviruses and Reprogrammed Cytokine Network, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.205, issue.1, pp.97-105, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/jir700

S. Gianella, D. Smith, M. Vargas, S. Little, D. Richman et al., Shedding of HIV and Human Herpesviruses in the Semen of Effectively Treated HIV-1???Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.57, issue.3, pp.441-448, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cit252

M. Robb, L. Eller, H. Kibuuka, K. Rono, L. Maganga et al., Prospective Study of Acute HIV-1 Infection in Adults in East Africa and Thailand, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.374, issue.22, pp.2120-2150, 2016.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1508952