K. Mandl, J. Overhage, M. Wagner, W. Lober, and P. Sebastiani, Implementing Syndromic Surveillance: A Practical Guide Informed by the Early Experience, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol.11, issue.2, pp.141-150, 2004.
DOI : 10.1197/jamia.M1356

D. Parsons, P. Garnerin, A. Flahault, and I. Gotham, Status of Electronic Reporting of Notifiable Conditions in the United States and Europe, Telemedicine Journal, vol.2, issue.4, pp.273-284, 1996.
DOI : 10.1089/tmj.1.1996.2.273

F. Fourquet and J. Drucker, Communicable disease surveillance: the Sentinel network, Lancet, vol.349, pp.794-795, 1997.

W. Halperin, E. Baker, and R. Monson, Public health surveillance, 1992.

G. Eysenbach, Infodemiology and Infoveillance: Framework for an Emerging Set of Public Health Informatics Methods to Analyze Search, Communication and Publication Behavior on the Internet, Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol.9, issue.1, p.11, 2009.
DOI : 10.2196/jmir.7.5.e50

M. Van-gelder, R. Bretveld, and N. Roeleveld, Web-based Questionnaires: The Future in Epidemiology?, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.172, issue.11, pp.1292-1298, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwq291

M. Salathe, L. Bengtsson, T. Bodnar, D. Brewer, and J. Brownstein, Digital Epidemiology, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.8, issue.7, p.1002616, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002616.g001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01581824

J. Ginsberg, M. Mohebbi, R. Patel, L. Brammer, and M. Smolinski, Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data, Nature, vol.36, issue.7232, pp.1012-1014, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/biomet/36.3-4.394

C. Pelat, C. Turbelin, A. Bar-hen, A. Flahault, and A. Valleron, More Diseases Tracked by Using Google Trends, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1327-1328, 2009.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1508.090299

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2815981/pdf

J. Brownstein, C. Freifeld, B. Reis, and K. Mandl, Surveillance Sans Fronti??res: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project, PLoS Medicine, vol.2, issue.7, p.151, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151.t001

J. Brownstein, C. Freifeld, and L. Madoff, Digital Disease Detection ??? Harnessing the Web for Public Health Surveillance, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.360, issue.21, pp.2153-2155, 2009.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMp0900702

A. Signorini, A. Segre, and P. Polgreen, The Use of Twitter to Track Levels of Disease Activity and Public Concern in the U.S. during the Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.2771, p.19467, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0019467.g010

F. Carrat, C. Sahler, S. Rogez, M. Leruez-ville, and F. Freymuth, Influenza Burden of Illness, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.162, issue.16, pp.1842-1848, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.162.16.1842

S. Harcourt, D. Edwards, D. Fleming, R. Smith, and G. Smith, How representative is the population covered by the RCGP spotter practice scheme? Using Geographical Information Systems to assess, Journal of Public Health, vol.26, issue.1, pp.88-94, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/pubmed/fdh111

R. Marquet, A. Bartelds, S. Van-noort, C. Koppeschaar, and J. Paget, Internet-based monitoring of influenza-like illness (ILI) in the general population of the Netherlands during the 2003???2004 influenza season, BMC Public Health, vol.20, issue.Suppl 3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10654-004-5099-5

S. Van-noort, M. Muehlen, R. De-andrade, H. Koppeschaar, C. et al., Gripenet: an internet-based system to monitor influenza-like illness uniformly across Europe, Eurosurveillance, vol.12, issue.7, pp.229-233, 2007.
DOI : 10.2807/esm.12.07.00722-en

N. Tilston, K. Eames, D. Paolotti, T. Ealden, and W. Edmunds, Internet-based surveillance of Influenza-like-illness in the UK during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, BMC Public Health, vol.339, issue.48, p.650, 2010.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b5213

. Gripenet and . Es, Available: http://www.gripenet.es/. Accessed, 2013.

A. Flahault, T. Blanchon, Y. Dorleans, L. Toubiana, and J. Vibert, Virtual surveillance of communicable diseases: a 20-year experience in France, Statistical Methods in Medical Research, vol.52, issue.1, pp.413-421, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.280.15.1330

. Grippenet, fr (2012) GrippeNet.fr dans la presse (updated 2012) Available: https://grippenet.fr/fr/presse/presse-premiere-saison, 2013.

I. Friesema, C. Koppeschaar, G. Donker, F. Dijkstra, and S. Van-noort, Internet-based monitoring of influenza-like illness in the general population: Experience of five influenza seasons in the Netherlands, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.45, pp.6353-6357, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.042

P. Tuppin, S. Choukroun, S. Samson, A. Weill, and P. Ricordeau, Vaccination contre la grippe saisonni??re en France en 2010??et 2011??: diminution des taux de couverture et facteurs associ??s, La Presse M??dicale, vol.41, issue.11, pp.568-576, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.05.017

E. Eschwege, M. Charles, A. Basdevant, C. Moisan, and G. Bonnélye, ObEpi Roche 2012 -Enquête e ´pidémiologique nationale sur le surpoids et l'obésité. Available, 2012.

M. Delmas and C. Fuhrman, L???asthme en France??: synth??se des donn??es ??pid??miologiques descriptives, Revue des Maladies Respiratoires, vol.27, issue.2, pp.151-159, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmr.2009.09.001

A. Barabasi and R. Albert, Emergence of scaling in random networks, Science, vol.286, pp.509-512, 1999.

A. Barrat, M. Barthelemy, and A. Vespignani, Dynamical processes on complex networks, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511791383

M. Serrano, M. Boguna, and A. Vespignani, Extracting the multiscale backbone of complex weighted networks, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.20, issue.6977, pp.6483-6488, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0305-4470/20/15/039

D. Balcan, V. Colizza, B. Goncalves, H. Hu, and J. Ramasco, Multiscale mobility networks and the spatial spreading of infectious diseases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.159, issue.7, pp.21484-21489, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh092

C. Hannoun, W. Dab, and J. Cohen, A new influenza surveillance system in France: the Ile-de-France, 1989.

C. Friedman, J. Wyatt, A. Smith, and B. Kaplan, Evaluation Methods in Medical Informatics, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-2685-5

A. Smith and J. Brenner, Twitter use 2012 Available: http://pewinternet, 2012.

E. Brooks-pollock, N. Tilston, W. Edmunds, and K. Eames, Using an online survey of healthcare-seeking behaviour to estimate the magnitude and severity of the 2009 H1N1v influenza epidemic in England, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.6, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2458-6-242

S. Shah and D. Cook, Socio-economic determinants of casualty and NHS Direct use, Journal of Public Health, vol.30, issue.1, pp.75-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/pubmed/fdn001

M. Ross, S. Mansson, K. Daneback, A. Cooper, and R. Tikkanen, Biases in internet sexual health samples: Comparison of an internet sexuality survey and a national sexual health survey in Sweden, Social Science & Medicine, vol.61, issue.1, pp.245-252, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.019

Y. Vandendijck, C. Faes, and N. Hens, Eight Years of the Great Influenza Survey to Monitor Influenza-Like Illness in Flanders, PLoS ONE, vol.63, issue.5, p.64156, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0064156.s001

E. Nutrinet-santé, Available: https://www. etude-nutrinet-sante.fr/fr/common/login.aspx. Accessed, 2013.

S. Fox and L. Rainie, The online health care revolution: How the Web helps Americans take better care of themselves Available: http://www.pewinternet. org, 2000.

B. Nunes and M. Branco, Vacinação antigripal da população portuguesa: cobertura e algumas características do acto vacinal Available: http://repositorio.insa.pt/handle/10400, 1010.

R. Group, Un actif français sur cinq passe plus d'1h30 par jour dans les transports. Press release Wellcom Available: http://wellcom.fr/presse/ regus/2010/08/un-actif-francais-sur-cinq-passe-plus-d%E2%80%991h30-par- jour-dans-les-transports, 2010.