V. Geist, Deer of the world their evolution, behaviour, and ecology, 1998.

N. S. Heckeberg, D. Erpenbeck, G. Wörheide, and G. Rössner, Supplemental Information 2: Matrix, PeerJ, vol.30, issue.4, p.2307, 2016.
DOI : 10.7717/peerj.2307/supp-2

C. Pitra, J. Fickel, E. Meijaard, and P. Groves, Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.33, issue.3, pp.880-895, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013

M. V. Kuznetsova, M. V. Kholodova, and A. A. Danilkin, Molecular Phylogeny of Deer (Cervidae: Artiodactyla), Russian Journal of Genetics, vol.14, issue.15, pp.742-749, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/08927014.2002.9522740

A. M. Lister, The phylogenetic position of the ???giant deer??? Megaloceros giganteus, Nature, vol.19, issue.7069, pp.850-853, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03009135

S. Hugues, Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.40, issue.1, pp.285-291, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.004

A. Hassanin, Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.335, issue.1, pp.32-50, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002

C. M. Janis and K. M. Scott, The interrelationships of higher ruminant families with special emphasis on the members of the Cervoidea, Am. Mus. Novit, vol.2893, pp.1-85, 1987.

A. W. Gentry, The Miocene differentiation of old world Pecora (Mammalia), Historical Biology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.115-158, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-6724.1937.mp17002007.x

T. Pfeiffer, The first complete skeleton of <i>Megaloceros verticornis</i> (Dawkins, 1868) Cervidae, Mammalia, from Bilshausen (Lower Saxony, Germany): description and phylogenetic implications, Fossil Record, vol.5, issue.1, pp.289-308, 2002.
DOI : 10.5194/fr-5-289-2002

H. Fernández, M. Vrba, and E. S. , A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants, Biological Reviews, vol.29, issue.2, pp.269-302, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059412

D. C. Grubb, Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae, Acta Theriologica, vol.45, issue.3, pp.289-307, 2000.
DOI : 10.4098/AT.arch.00-30

URL : http://rcin.org.pl/ibs/Content/13017/BI002_2613_Cz-40-2_Acta-T44-nr29-289-307_o.pdf

R. Croitor, Deer from the Late Miocene to Pleistocene of Western Palearctic: matching fossil record and molecular phylogeny data, Zitteliana B, vol.32, pp.115-153, 2014.

C. Gilbert, A. Ropiquet, and A. Hassanin, Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.40, issue.1, pp.101-117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017

B. Azanza, Sur la nature des appendices frontaux des cervidés (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) du Miocène inférieur et moyen. Remarques sur leur systématique et leur phylogénie, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, vol.316, pp.1163-1169, 1993.

B. Azanza, G. E. Rössner, and E. Ortiz-jaureguizar, The early Turolian (late Miocene) Cervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the fossil site of Dorn-D??rkheim 1 (Germany) and implications on the origin of crown cervids, Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, vol.2, issue.2, pp.217-258, 2013.
DOI : 10.1134/S0031030107040119

S. Hou, <p><strong>A new species of <em>Euprox</em> (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of </strong><strong>the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of </strong><strong>its paleoenvironment</strong></p>, Zootaxa, vol.3911, issue.1, pp.43-62, 2015.
DOI : 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.2

D. Demiguel, B. Azanza, and M. Morales, Key innovations in ruminant evolution: a paleontological perspective, Integrative Zoology, vol.292, issue.66, pp.412-433, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059412

B. Azanza, LosCervidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) del Mioceno de Las Cuencas del Duero, Tajo, Calatayud-Teruel y Levante, Mem. Mus. Pal. Zarag, vol.8, pp.1-376, 2000.

G. E. Rössner, Odontologische und schädelanatomische Untersuchungen an Procervulus (Cervidae, Mammalia) Münchner Geowiss, Abh. A, vol.29, pp.1-127, 1995.

N. S. Heckeberg, Origination of antlerogenesis, Journal of Morphology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.182-20220628, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-6724.1937.mp17002007.x

B. Azanza and L. Ginsburg, A revision of the large lagomerycid artiodactyls of Europe, Palaeontology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.107-128, 1997.

R. Lebrun, M. P. De-leon, P. Tafforeau, and C. Zollikofer, Deep evolutionary roots of strepsirrhine primate labyrinthine morphology, Journal of Anatomy, vol.97, issue.suppl 1, pp.368-380, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-0075-3_2

G. Billet, L. Hautier, and R. Lebrun, Morphological diversity of the bony labyrinth (inner ear) in extant Xenarthrans and its relation to phylogeny, Journal of Mammalogy, vol.96, issue.4, pp.658-672, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/jmammal/gyv074

E. G. Ekdale, Comparative Anatomy of the Bony Labyrinth (Inner Ear) of Placental Mammals, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.8, p.137149, 2013.

T. E. Macrini, J. J. Flynn, X. Ni, D. A. Croft, and A. R. Wyss, Comparative study of notoungulate (Placentalia, Mammalia) bony labyrinths and new phylogenetically informative inner ear characters, Journal of Anatomy, vol.447, pp.442-461, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05854

B. Mennecart and L. Costeur, (Mammalia, Ruminantia, Middle Miocene) petrosal bone and the tragulid ear region, e1211665, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007062

B. Mennecart and L. Costeur, Shape variation and ontogeny of the ruminant bony labyrinth, an example in Tragulidae, Journal of Anatomy, vol.109, issue.suppl. 1, pp.422-43512487, 2016.
DOI : 10.1002/ar.1091090404

B. Mennecart, The petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of early to middle Miocene European deer (Mammalia, Cervidae) reveal their phylogeny, Journal of Morphology, vol.167, issue.10, pp.1329-1338, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.04.007

L. Costeur, B. Mennecart, B. Müller, and G. Schultz, Prenatal growth stages show the development of the ruminant bony labyrinth and petrosal bone, Journal of Anatomy, vol.109, issue.3, pp.347-353, 2017.
DOI : 10.1002/ar.1091090404

S. Toyoda, Morphogenesis of the Inner Ear at Different Stages of Normal Human Development, The Anatomical Record, vol.523, issue.12, pp.2081-2090, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nima.2003.12.008

F. Bibi, A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.13, issue.1, p.166, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/10635150390235520

W. Dong, Reconsideraci??n de la sistem??tica de <i>Cervavitus</i> (Cervidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) del Pleistoceno Inferior, Estudios Geol??gicos, vol.67, issue.2, pp.603-611, 2011.
DOI : 10.3989/egeol.40534.208

URL : https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.40534.208

F. J. Hilgen, L. J. Lourens, J. Van-dam, F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg et al., A. in A geological time scale, pp.923-978, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01316105

J. M. Duarte, S. Gonzalez, and J. Maldonado, The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.49, issue.1, pp.17-22, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009

E. P. Gustasfon, An Early Pliocene North American deer: Bretzia pseudalces, its osteology, biology, and place in cervid history, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Oregon, vol.25, pp.1-75, 2015.

B. Mennecart, The European Ruminants during the ???Microbunodon Event??? (MP28, Latest Oligocene): Impact of Climate Changes and Faunal Event on the Ruminant Evolution, PLOS ONE, vol.32, issue.3, p.116830, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0116830.s002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01228453

G. Métais, B. Mennecart, and R. Ghazala, A new assemblage of stem pecoran ruminants from the Oligocene Chitarwata Formation, Bugti Hills, Baluchistan, Pakistan: Paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.136, pp.40-49, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.09.009

W. Dong, Y. Pan, and J. Liu, The earliest Muntiacus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of Yuanmou, southwestern China, Comptes Rendus Palevol, vol.3, issue.5, pp.379-386, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.002

W. Dong, New material of Muntiacinae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, Comptes Rendus Palevol, vol.6, issue.5, pp.335-343, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crpv.2007.05.002

T. Deng, S. Wang, Q. Shi, Y. Li, and Y. Li, <strong>A new species of <em>Eostyloceros</em> (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China</strong>, A new species of Eostyloceros (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, pp.363-381, 2014.
DOI : 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.3.3

L. Wang and Z. Zhang, A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of Daniao, Nei Mongol, China, Vertebrat. Palasiatic, vol.49, issue.4, pp.365-376, 2011.

M. Aiglstorfer, G. E. Rössner, and M. Böhme, Dorcatherium naui and pecoran ruminants from the late Middle Miocene Gratkorn locality (Austria), Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, vol.41, issue.4, pp.83-123, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.005

W. Dong, Les Cervidae (Artiodactyla) Ruscinien (Pliocène) du Languedoc et du Roussillon (France), Bull. Mus. Nat. His. Nat. Paris, vol.18, pp.133-163, 1996.

A. M. Valli, Les Cervidae du gisement Plioc??ne sup??rieur (Villafranchien moyen) de Saint-Vallier (Dr??me, France), Geobios, vol.37, pp.191-232, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-6995(04)80016-0

I. A. Vislobokova, Morphology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of megacerines (Megacerini, Cervidae, Artiodactyla), Paleontological Journal, vol.47, issue.8, pp.833-950, 2013.
DOI : 10.1134/S0031030113080017

M. Köhler and S. Moyà-solà, Reduction of Brain and Sense Organs in the Fossil Insular Bovid <i>Myotragus</i>, Brain, Behavior and Evolution, vol.63, issue.3, pp.125-140, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000076239

R. Croitor, Early Pleistocene small-sized deer ofEurope, Hell. J. Geosci, vol.41, pp.89-117, 2006.

M. Breda and A. Lister, Dama roberti, a new species of deer from the early Middle Pleistocene of Europe, and the origins of modern fallow deer, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.69, pp.155-167, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.029

G. Garrido, Reflections on the artiodactyls of the upper Villafranchian represented in the fossil record of the Fonelas P-1 site, Cuad. Mus. Geominero, vol.11, pp.279-335, 2008.

D. R. Prothero, K. E. Campbell, . Jr, B. L. Beatty, and C. Frailey, New Late Miocene Dromomerycine Artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: Implications for Interchange Dynamics, Journal of Paleontology, vol.734, issue.03, pp.434-443, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020

L. A. Escobedo-morales, First phylogenetic analysis of Mesoamerican brocket deer Mazama pandora and Mazama temama (Cetartiodactyla: Cervidae) based on mitochondrial sequences: Implications for Neotropical deer evolution, Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift f??r S??ugetierkunde, vol.81, issue.3, pp.303-313, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.003

G. E. Rössner, Teilschädel eines nordamerikanischen Berghirshes mit einem selten überlieferten Stadium des Gewihzyklus (Odocoileus lucasi Hay, 1927) SNSB-BSPG 2015 I 37, Jahresb. 2015 Mitt. Freunde Bayer. Staatssamml.Paläontol. Hist. Geol. München, vol.44, pp.59-60, 2015.

N. S. Heckeberg and G. Rössner, Schädel eines pleistozänen Weißwedelhirsches (Odocoileus virginianus) aus den USA. Jahresb. 2012 Mitt. Freunde Bayer, Staatssamml.Paläontol. Hist. Geol, vol.41, pp.39-41, 2013.

E. Randi, N. Mucci, M. Pierpaoli, and E. J. Douzery, New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.265, issue.1398, pp.793-801, 1998.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1998.0362

G. Dubost, F. Charron, A. Courcoul, and A. Rodier, Social organization in the Chinese water deer, Hydropotes inermis, Acta Theriologica, vol.18, issue.2, pp.198-198, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s004120050222

R. Kuehn, C. J. Ludt, W. Schroeder, and O. Rottman, Molecular Phylogeny of Megaloceros giganteus ??? the Giant Deer or Just a Giant Red Deer?, Zoological Science, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1031-1044, 2005.
DOI : 10.2108/zsj.22.1031

I. A. Vislobokova, The most ancient megacerine deer from the Late Miocene of Siberia and its implications to the evolution of the group, Palaeoworld, vol.18, issue.4, pp.278-281, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palwor.2009.09.002

A. Immel, Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe, Scientific Reports, vol.317, issue.1, p.10853, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/317806a0

R. M. Nowak, Walker's mammals of the world, 1999.

D. Wiley, Landmark Editor 3.6. (Institute for Data Analysis and Visualization. Davis: University of California, 2006.

C. P. Klingenberg, MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.79, issue.2, pp.353-357, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01639.x

C. P. Klingenberg and N. A. Gidaszewski, Testing and Quantifying Phylogenetic Signals and Homoplasy in Morphometric Data, Systematic Biology, vol.59, issue.3, pp.245-261, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/sysbio/syp106

URL : https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/59/3/245/18171658/syp106.pdf

G. Aguirre-fernández, B. Mennecart, M. R. Sánchez-villagra, R. Sánchez, and L. Costeur, A dolphin fossil ear bone from the northern Neotropics???insights into habitat transitions in iniid evolution, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.85, issue.3, p.315817, 2017.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1421502112

J. G. Schnitzler, B. Frédérich, S. Früchtnicht, T. Schaffeld, J. Baltzer et al., Size and shape variations of the bony components of sperm whale cochleae, Scientific Reports, vol.5, issue.46734, p.46734, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.2014.75

P. Gunz, M. Ramsier, M. Kuhrig, M. Kuhrig, J. J. Hublin et al., The mammalian bony labyrinth reconsidered, introducing a comprehensive geometric morphometric approach, Journal of Anatomy, vol.14, issue.Pt 2, pp.529-543, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/evan.20165

M. J. Orliac, R. Araújo, and F. Lihoreau, , an enigmatic Artiodactyla from the Oligocene of Western Europe, Journal of Morphology, vol.98, issue.1, p.20702, 2017.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00798.2007

G. Billet, L. Hautier, R. J. Asher, C. Schwarz, N. Crumpton et al., High morphological variation of vestibular system accompanies slow and infrequent locomotion in three-toed sloths, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.198, issue.3, pp.3932-3939, 2012.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0922

W. P. Maddison and D. R. Maddison, Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3, 2010.

G. Billet, D. Germain, I. Ruf, . Muizon, &. Cde et al., and the evolution of the vestibular system in sloths, Journal of Anatomy, vol.215, issue.6, pp.557-567, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01124.x

M. Orliac, J. Benoit, and M. A. Leary, , the oldest artiodactyl mammal, Journal of Anatomy, vol.98, issue.5, pp.417-426, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb02323.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01562.x/pdf

M. Orliac and M. A. Leary, Comparative Anatomy of the Petrosal Bone of Dichobunoids, Early Members of Artiodactylamorpha (Mammalia), Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol.3322, issue.450, pp.299-320, 2014.
DOI : 10.1206/0003-0082(2001)322<0001:EEERAP>2.0.CO;2

K. C. Nixon, WinClada (BETA) Version 1.00.08, 2002.

R. Lanfear, B. Calcott, S. Y. Ho, and S. Guindon, PartitionFinder: Combined Selection of Partitioning Schemes and Substitution Models for Phylogenetic Analyses, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.29, issue.6, pp.1695-1701, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/mss020

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00705211

N. J. Matzke, BEASTmasteR: R tools for automated conversion of NEXUS data to BEAST2 XML format, for fossil tip-dating and other uses, 2015.

. R_core_team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing., R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

A. J. Drummond, M. A. Suchard, D. Xie, and A. Rambaut, Bayesian Phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1969-1973, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/mss075

URL : https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/8/1969/13648091/mss075.pdf

D. L. Swofford and . Paup-*, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods) Version 4, 2002.