R. George, N. Rogers, and S. Kelley, Earliest magmatism in Ethiopia: Evidence for two mantle plumes in one flood basalt province, Geology, vol.26, issue.10, pp.923-926, 1998.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0923:EMIEEF>2.3.CO;2

T. V. Gerya, Introduction to Numerical Geodynamic Modelling, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809101

T. V. Gerya and D. A. Yuen, Robust characteristics method for modelling multiphase 306 visco-elasto-plastic thermo-mechanical problems. Physics of the Earth and Planetary 307 Interiors, pp.83-105, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pepi.2007.04.015

S. E. Hansen, A. A. Nyblade, and M. H. Benoit, Mantle structure beneath Africa and Arabia 309 from adaptively parameterized P-wave tomography: Implications for the origin, p.310, 2012.

R. S. Huismans and C. Beaumont, Roles of lithospheric strain softening and heterogeneity 312 in determining the geometry of rifts and continental margins, p.313, 2007.

I. Isola, F. Mazzarini, M. Bonini, and G. Corti, Spatial variability of volcanic features in 317 early?stage rift settings: the case of the Tanzania Divergence, 2014.

A. B. Katumwehe, M. G. Abdelsalam, and E. A. Atekwana, The role of pre-existing 320, 2015.

K. M. Keranen, S. L. Klemperer, J. Julia, J. F. Lawrence, and A. A. Nyblade, Low lower 326 crustal velocity across Ethiopia: Is the Main Ethiopian Rift a narrow rift in a hot craton, p.327, 2009.

A. Koptev, E. Burov, E. Calais, S. Leroy, T. Gerya et al., Contrasted continental rifting via plume-craton interaction: Applications to Central 330, p.2016
DOI : 10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.002

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.002

A. Koptev, E. Calais, E. Burov, S. Leroy, and T. Gerya, Dual continental rift systems generated by plume???lithosphere interaction, Nature Geoscience, vol.199, issue.5, pp.388-392, 2015.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.199.01.08

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01140725

A. I. Koptev and A. V. Ershov, Thermal thickness of the Earth???s lithosphere: a numerical model, Moscow University Geology Bulletin, vol.66, issue.5, pp.323-330, 2011.
DOI : 10.3103/S014587521105005X

D. A. Laó?dávila, H. S. Al?salmi, M. G. Abdelsalam, and E. A. Atekwana, Hierarchical segmentation of the Malawi Rift: The influence of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity and kinematics in the evolution of continental rifts, Tectonics, vol.337, issue.3, pp.2399-2417, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/337354a0

B. Deffontaines and A. Mruma, Neogene-Holocene rift propagation in central 345, 2004.

L. Gall, B. Nonnotte, P. Rolet, J. Benoit, M. Guillou et al., Rift propagation at craton margin., Tectonophysics, vol.448, issue.1-4, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00267274

J. L. Lenoir, J. P. Liégeois, K. Theunissen, and J. Klerkx, The Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian 352 shear belt in Tanzania: geochronology and structure, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.353, pp.19-169, 1994.

S. Manya, Nd-isotopic mapping of the Archaean?Proterozoic boundary in southwestern 355, 2011.

. Tanzania, Implication for the size of the Archaean Tanzania Craton, Gondwana, vol.356, issue.20, pp.325-334

R. B. Mcconnell, Geological Development of the Rift System of Eastern Africa, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.83, issue.9, pp.2549-2572, 1972.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2549:GDOTRS]2.0.CO;2

J. Mechie, G. R. Keller, C. Prodehl, M. A. Khan, and S. J. Gaciri, A model for the structure, composition and evolution of the Kenya rift, Tectonophysics, vol.278, issue.1-4, pp.95-119, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00097-8

P. Mohr, Musings on continental rifts, Continental and oceanic rifts (G. Palmason, 1982.
DOI : 10.1093/petrology/3.3.342

P. A. Mohr, The Afar Triple Junction and sea-floor spreading, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.14, pp.7340-7352, 1970.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016756800052249

C. K. Morley, Stress re-orientation along zones of weak fabrics in rifts: An explanation for 369 pure extension in 'oblique' rift segments? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, pp.667-370, 2010.

C. K. Morley, S. M. Cunningam, W. A. Wescott, and R. M. Harper, Geology and 372 geophysics of the Rukwa rift AAPG Studies in Geology, In: Geoscience of Rift Systems -Evolution of East Africa, vol.373, issue.44, pp.91-110, 1999.

G. D. Mulibo and A. A. Nyblade, The P and S wave velocity structure of the mantle 375 beneath eastern Africa and the African superplume anomaly, p.376, 2013.

G. D. Mulibo and A. A. Nyblade, Mantle transition zone thinning beneath eastern Africa, p.378, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/grl.50694

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50694/pdf

G. Nolet, S. I. Karato, and R. Montelli, Plume fluxes from seismic tomography. Earth and 381 Planetary Science Letters, pp.685-699, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407617

A. A. Nyblade, T. J. Owens, H. Gurrola, J. Ritsema, and C. A. Langston, Seismic evidence for a deep upper mantle thermal anomaly beneath east Africa, Geology, vol.28, issue.7, pp.599-602, 2000.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<599:SEFADU>2.0.CO;2

P. Pasteels, M. Villeneuve, P. De-paepe, and J. Klerkx, Timing of the volcanism of the 385 southern Kivu province: implications for the evolution of the western, p.386, 1989.

R. Pik, B. Marty, and D. R. Hilton, How many mantle plumes in Africa? The geochemical point of view, Chemical Geology, vol.226, issue.3-4, pp.100-114, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.09.016

U. Ring, The influence of preexisting structure on the evolution of the Cenozoic Malawi 393, 1994.

U. Ring, The East African Rift System, Austrian Journal Earth Sciences, vol.107, pp.132-146, 2014.

U. Ring, C. Betzler, and D. Delvaux, Normal vs. strike-slip faulting during rift development in East Africa: The Malawi rift, Geology, vol.20, issue.11, pp.1015-1018, 1992.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1015:NVSSFD>2.3.CO;2

J. Ritsema, A. A. Nyblade, T. J. Owens, and C. A. Langston, Upper mantle seismic velocity structure beneath Tanzania, east Africa: Implications for the stability of cratonic lithosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.101, issue.441, pp.21201-21213, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/96JB00167

J. Ritsema, H. J. Van-heijst, and J. H. Woodhouse, Complex Shear Wave Velocity Structure Imaged Beneath Africa and Iceland, Science, vol.286, issue.5446, pp.1925-1928, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5446.1925

R. A. Armstrong, A. I. Kemp, and S. Hemming, Initiation of the western branch 404 of the East African Rift coeval with the eastern branch, Nature Geoscience, vol.5, pp.289-294, 2012.

E. Saria, E. Calais, D. S. Stamps, D. Delvaux, and C. J. Hartnady, Present-day 406 kinematics of the East African Rift, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.119, pp.3584-3600, 2014.

J. Sippel, The Kenya rift revisited: insights into lithospheric strength through data-driven 3-D gravity and thermal modelling, Solid Earth, vol.8, issue.1, p.45, 2017.
DOI : 10.5194/se-8-45-2017-supplement

M. Smith, Stratigraphic and structural constraints on mechanisms of active rifting in the 416, 1994.

D. S. Stamps, E. Calais, E. Saria, C. Hartnady, J. M. Nocquet et al., A kinematic model for the East African Rift, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.337, issue.B4, p.35, 2008.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.259.01.03

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00407887

K. Theunissen, J. Klerkx, A. Melnikov, and A. Mruma, Mechanisms of inheritance of rift 421 faulting in the western branch of the East African Rift, pp.776-790, 1996.

J. Versfelt and B. R. Rosendahl, Relationships between pre-rift structure and rift architecture in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, East Africa, Nature, vol.337, issue.6205, pp.354-357, 1989.
DOI : 10.1038/337354a0

D. S. Weeraratne, D. W. Forsyth, K. M. Fischer, and A. A. Nyblade, Evidence for an upper 425 mantle plume beneath the Tanzanian craton from Rayleigh wave tomography, Journal, p.426, 2003.

S. Wenker and C. Beaumont, Effects of lateral strength contrasts and inherited 428 heterogeneities on necking and rifting of continents. Tectonophysics, 429 http, 2016.

L. A. Williams, Physical aspects of magmatism in continental rifts. Continental and 431 oceanic rifts, pp.193-222, 1982.

H. Zeyen, F. Volker, V. Wehrle, K. Fuchs, S. V. Sobolev et al., Styles of 433 continental rifting: crust-mantle detachment and mantle plumes, Tectonophysics, vol.278, pp.434-329, 1997.